Basal cell carcinomahttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal-cell_carcinoma
Basal cell carcinoma ndiyo aina inayojulikana zaidi ya saratani ya ngozi. Mara nyingi huonekana kama sehemu ngumu ya ngozi iliyoinuliwa isiyo na maumivu. Kidonda kinaweza kung'aa na kinaweza kuwa na mishipa midogo ya damu inayopita juu yake. Inaweza pia kuonekana kama eneo lililoinuliwa na vidonda. Saratani ya seli za basal hukua polepole na inaweza kuharibu tishu zinazoizunguka, lakini haina uwezekano wa kusababisha metastasis au kifo.

Mambo ya hatari ni pamoja na kukabiliwa na mwanga wa UV, tiba ya mionzi, mfiduo wa muda mrefu wa arseniki, na upungufu wa mfumo wa kinga (k.m. upandikizaji wa chombo). Mfiduo wa mwanga wa UV wakati wa utotoni ni hatari sana.

Baada ya uchunguzi wa biopsy, matibabu ya kawaida ni upasuaji wa kuondoa saratani. Hii inaweza kufanywa kwa kukatwa rahisi ikiwa saratani ni ndogo; ikiwa saratani si ndogo, upasuaji wa Mohs unapendekezwa kwa ujumla.

Basal cell carcinoma inachukua angalau 32 % ya saratani zote ulimwenguni. Kati ya saratani za ngozi isipokuwa melanoma, karibu 80 % ni saratani za seli za basal. Nchini Marekani, karibu 35 % ya wanaume weupe na 25 % ya wanawake weupe huathiriwa na Basal cell carcinoma katika kipindi fulani cha maisha yao.

○ Uchunguzi na Tiba
#Dermoscopy
#Skin biopsy
#Mohs surgery
☆ Katika matokeo ya 2022 ya Stiftung Warentest kutoka Ujerumani, kuridhika kwa watumiaji na ModelDerm kulikuwa chini kidogo kuliko na mashauriano ya matibabu ya simu yanayolipishwa.
  • Vidonda vya vidonda vinavyoathiri ngozi ya pua kwa mtu mzee mara nyingi hutambuliwa kama Basal cell carcinoma. Pua ni mahali pa kawaida pa kutokea kwa aina hii ya saratani ya ngozi.
  • Basal cell carcinoma inaweza kujitokeza ikiwa na mipaka isiyo ya kawaida na vidonda.
  • Basal cell carcinoma kwa kawaida hutambuliwa kimakosa kama nevus katika watu. Pigmented basal cell carcinoma mara nyingi hutokea kwenye pua.
  • Basal cell carcinoma inapaswa kushukiwa ikiwa ni kinundu kigumu kinachochomoza kwenye mpaka kinazoonekana.
  • Basal cell carcinoma ina umbo la ulinganifu isiyo ya kawaida. Kesi hizi mara nyingi hutambuliwa vibaya kama intradermal nevus.
  • Inaweza kutambuliwa vibaya kama intradermal nevus.
  • Basal cell carcinoma inaweza kudhaniwa kuwa wart.
  • Basal cell carcinoma inaweza pia kuonekana kwa namna ya kidonda. Katika kesi hii, inapaswa kutofautishwa na saratani ya seli ya squamous.
  • Katika nchi za Magharibi, Basal cell carcinoma inaonekana kama kinundu kigumu chenye telangiectasia.
  • Basal cell carcinoma ina sura sawa na alama ya kuzaliwa, lakini ukweli kwamba kidonda ni nodule ngumu ni muhimu kutofautisha kutoka kwa nevus.
  • Ingawa inaweza kuonekana kama nevus ya ndani ya ngozi (benign), ni muhimu kutambua kwamba kidonda cha Basal cell carcinoma ni ngumu.
  • Kwa watu, kisa cha kawaida cha Basal cell carcinoma huonekana kama kinundu cheusi chenye mpaka unaochomoza.
  • Basal cell carcinoma lazima itofautishwe na melanoma kwani Basal cell carcinoma ina matokeo bora zaidi kuliko melanoma.
  • Ikiwa mabaka haya yaliyoenea ni thabiti kwa kuguswa, inaashiria kwa hakika uwepo wa Superficial basal cell carcinoma.
  • Inaweza kutambuliwa vibaya kama intradermal nevus.
References Basal cell carcinoma: pathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical features, diagnosis, histopathology, and management 26029015 
NIH
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) ni aina ya saratani ya ngozi inayojulikana zaidi. Mfiduo wa jua ndio sababu kuu. Takriban kila kesi ya BCC inaonyesha ishara ya Hedgehog iliyokithiri katika uchanganuzi wa molekuli. Matibabu tofauti yanapatikana na yanachaguliwa kulingana na hatari ya kujirudia, umuhimu wa uhifadhi wa tishu, upendeleo wa mgonjwa, na kiwango cha ugonjwa.
Basal cell carcinoma (BCC) is the most common malignancy. Exposure to sunlight is the most important risk factor. Most, if not all, cases of BCC demonstrate overactive Hedgehog signaling. A variety of treatment modalities exist and are selected based on recurrence risk, importance of tissue preservation, patient preference, and extent of disease.
 Update in the Management of Basal Cell Carcinoma 32346750 
NIH
Basal cell carcinomas ndio aina ya saratani ya ngozi inayojulikana zaidi kwa watu wazima wenye ngozi nyeupe wenye umri wa miaka 50 na kuendelea. Idadi yake inaongezeka ulimwenguni kote, hasa kutokana na kuathiriwa na jua. Hali fulani za kijenia zinaweza kuwafanya watu kuwa na uwezekano wa kupata saratani hii katika umri mdogo. Basal cell carcinomas hutofautiana katika ukali, kuanzia vidonda vidogo vinavyoweza kutibika kwa urahisi hadi vidonda vikubwa vinavyohitaji ushauri wa timu maalum za matibabu. Utabiri hutegemea uwezekano wa saratani kurudi au uwezo wake wa kuharibu tishu zilizo karibu. Upasuaji ndio matibabu ya kawaida kwa kesi nyingi, kuhakikisha kuondolewa kwa usahihi na uwezekano mdogo wa kurudia. Mbinu chache za uvamizi zinaweza kutibu kwa ufanisi vidonda vikubwa.
Basal cell carcinomas are the most frequent skin cancers in the fair-skinned adult population over 50 years of age. Their incidence is increasing throughout the world. Ultraviolet (UV) exposure is the major carcinogenic factor. Some genodermatosis can predispose to formation of basal cell carcinomas at an earlier age. Basal cell carcinomas are heterogeneous, from superficial or nodular lesions of good prognosis to very extensive difficult-to-treat lesions that must be discussed in multidisciplinary committees. The prognosis is linked to the risk of recurrence of basal cell carcinoma or its local destructive capacity. The standard treatment for most basal cell carcinomas is surgery, as it allows excision margin control and shows a low risk of recurrence. Superficial lesions can be treated by non-surgical methods with significant efficacy.
 European consensus-based interdisciplinary guideline for diagnosis and treatment of basal cell carcinoma-update 2023 37604067
Tiba kuu ya BCC ni upasuaji. Kwa hatari kubwa au ya mara kwa mara ya BCC, hasa katika maeneo muhimu, upasuaji unaodhibitiwa kwa njia ya micrographically unapendekezwa. Wagonjwa walio na hatari ndogo ya BCC ya kiwango cha juu wanaweza kuzingatia matibabu ya madawa au mbinu za uharibifu. Tiba ya Photodynamic hufanya kazi vizuri kwa BCC za nodula za kiwango cha juu na zenye hatari ndogo. Kwa BCC ya hali ya juu au metastatic, vizuizi vya Hedgehog (vismodegib, sonidegib) vinapendekezwa. Ikiwa kuna maendeleo ya ugonjwa au kutovumilia vizuizi vya Hedgehog, tiba ya kinga na anti-PD1 antibody (cemiplimab) inaweza kuzingatiwa. Tiba ya mionzi ni chaguo nzuri kwa wagonjwa ambao hawawezi kufanyiwa upasuaji, hasa wagonjwa wazee. Electrochemotherapy inaweza kuzingatiwa ikiwa upasuaji au radiotherapy si chaguo.
The primary treatment for BCC is surgery. For high-risk or recurring BCC, especially in critical areas, micrographically controlled surgery is recommended. Patients with low-risk superficial BCC might consider topical treatments or destructive methods. Photodynamic therapy works well for superficial and low-risk nodular BCCs. For locally advanced or metastatic BCC, Hedgehog inhibitors (vismodegib, sonidegib) are recommended. If there's disease progression or intolerance to Hedgehog inhibitors, immunotherapy with anti-PD1 antibody (cemiplimab) can be considered. Radiotherapy is a good option for patients who can't have surgery, especially older patients. Electrochemotherapy could be considered if surgery or radiotherapy isn't an option.